Islam and Christianity: The Roots of Europe’s Religious Identity

by Richard L. Rubenstein (December 2011)

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[5] Pirenne, Mohammed and Charlemagne, p. 17.

http://print.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft0601/articles/benedict.html. The essay also appears in Pope Benedict XVI, Without Roots, The West, Relativism, Christianity, Islam, trans. Michael F. Moore (New York: Basic Books, 2006).

[8] Pirenne, Medieval Cities, p. 27.

[11] See Peter Berger, The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion (New York: Anchor Books, 1990), pp. 45 ff.

[16] See John Kelsay, Islam and War: The Gulf War and Beyond (Louisville: John Knox Press, 1993), p. 118.

http://www.welt.de/data/2004/07/28/310913.html. Lewis’s projection has been challenged by the editors of The Economist, “Tales from Eurabia,” The Economist, June 26-30, 2006, p. 11. Among those supporting Lewis are Niall Ferguson and Bruce Bawer.

[18] United States Department of State: International Religious Freedom Report, 2005, Saudi Arabia,
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51609.htm .

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